First of all I wish to convey my warm congratulations to Mr. Hollai of Hungary on his elections to the presidency of the thirty seventh session of the General Assembly. His country attachment to peace, together with his statesman-like and diplomatic qualities, as well as his perfect mastery of the major problems of international concern, gives us the certainty that the work of this session will be conducted with competence and efficiency. The delegation of Zaire assures him its whole hearted co-operation. I also express our appreciation to his predecessor, Mr Kittani, for the competence, devotion, tact and efficiency with which he conducted the proceedings of the thirty sixth session, at a particular difficult time of international affairs. I should like in addition to extend once again to Mr. Perez de Cuellar the sincere congratulations of the President, the Executive Council and the Republic of Zaire on his election to the post of Secretary General, to assure him of our whole hearted cooperation and to express our best wishes for success in discharge of his mandate in the ultimate interest of peace security and development in the world The delegation of Zaire wishes to pay a special tribute to the Secretary-General for his report on the work of the Organization, in which his lucid and striking analysis confirms the merits, competence and experience of a man eminently aware of our common concern for international peace and security, progress and development through the confident cooperation of nations and peoples. This report is an invitation to all of us to renew our commitment to the letter and spirit of the Charter and to reaffirm our commitment to the maintenance of international peace and security, the promotion of co-operation for development, the easing or reducing of tension in the world, the adoption of measures to increase confidence m international relations, recourse to the collective security machinery provided for in the Charter; in a word, the principles of international law governing friendly relations and co-operation among States. The Republic of Zaire, whose policy has always been guided by the goals and principles of the Charter, attaches the utmost significance to the role of the Organization. Our struggle for the recognition on our right to security, a prerequisite of development, and of our right to development and to a share in world prosperity, and our right to our own identity, stems from a peaceful vision of international relations; the same vision which one can glimpse in the words of the Charter and which fails well within the framework of the general struggle of the peoples of the third world for greater justice and equity in international relations. We have never committed aggression against anyone, nor have we threatened to, and it is our firm intention, as firm as it ever was, to pursue a policy of peace, good-neighborliness, co-operation and openness to all nations of the world, on the basis of mutual advantage, and with respect for our sovereignty, our dignity and our right to a separate identity. All our efforts in Zaire are focused on the building of a democratic, peaceful, modem and prosperous Zairian society, open to the enriching contributions of the outside world, but at the same time profoundly rooted in and respectful of our own authentic values On behalf of the President and Government of the Republic of Zaire, we wish to state that we threaten no one, politically, ideologically, economically, or militarily, and we expect that our partners in the world need commitment on our part. The peace loving nature of our country, open to friendship and internationalism, co-operation, derives not only from its colonial history, which was marked by suffering and depredation of every kind, but also by the incessant struggle in different ways for national liberation. It also derives from our history after independence, one of division and secession resulting from two evils ótribalization and servile adoption of imported ideologiesóbut also one of a courageous struggle waged by the popular movement of the revolution, our party of the rally of the masses, headed by its founder, Mobutu Sese Seko, to regain its cultural identity. We base our struggle for cultural liberation on a policy of a return to our authentic values. It can be defined as a critical and vigilant approach in which, without disregard for the contributions of other cultures, we draw, above all, from our own rich cultural heritage whatever is likely to permit us to affirm our own identity and personality and to achieve our overall objectives in the building of our country, and thus contributing to world civilization. We want to live in peace and friendship with other States. We do so as a country situated in the heart of the African continent, which shares more than 10,000 kilometers of borders with nine other countries, each with its own history, and using as a means of expression the French, English, Portuguese and Arabic languages. This policy of peace, friendship and co-operation followed by Zaire has been demonstrated in each particular case by policies of good-neighborliness, attachment to Africa, and respect for the policy of non-alignment and the principles of the Charter governing relations among various countries. Speaking of peace, what can we see about us today? At the present time, failure to respect commitments, in terms of peace, decolonization, international co-operation, the interdependence of States, human solidarity, the rights of peoples and individuals, and general and complete disarmament under effective international control, are today the major sources of tension, conflict, war and mistrust in international relations, of economic and moral crises and of the failure to attain the objectives unanimously proclaimed in the Charter. If the 1970s ended on a note of bitterness, the prospects for the 1980s hardly seem more promising. political, economic and social matters of major concern, which were the focus of the international community's attention, at the thirty-sixth session of the General Assembly and elsewhere, have remained, in some cases, without satisfactory solutions, and in other cases deadlocked. There is every reason to believe that the international situation will continue to be marked in the immediate future by increasing tension, distrust in relations between States, an escalation of the arms race, interference in the internal affairs of other States, recourse to violence, and difficulties in international co-operation for development, thus jeopardizing peace and, hence, the very survival of mankind. The crisis, at once political, economic and social, which is at present unsettling the world, has severely handicapped the United Nations in awning its objectives. This inability of the United Nations, resulting from the failure of States to respect commitments freely entered into, has had the effect of adding to the complexity of the problems of the world today, and has aroused a general feeling of insecurity. Article 2 of the Charter lays down the principles of Jus Cogens, which has binding force and binds all States in the international community. Unfortunately, however, a number of States, in abusing their power, quite often shirk their obligation not to have recourse to force, not to interfere in the internal affairs of other States, and peacefully to settle their disputes, thus undermining the authority of the Organization of which they are Members. Some go so far as to institutionalize methods of violence, the sole goal of which is to ensure that they continue to benefit from unjust and arbitrary situations. Since the creation of the United Nations 37 years ago, the question of disarmament has been the subject of numerous rounds of negotiations. Resolutions and treaties are concluded and by negotiating bodies, both within and outside the framework of the United Nations, and proliferate. Unfortunately, and this must be said, none of this has served to halt or turn back the arms race. Quite the contrary, the arms race proceeds apace. In spite of the international instruments prohibiting nuclear-weapon testing, we are daily shocked to learn of new developments and improvements in weapons whose destructive capacity boggles the imagination. Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, many States have undertaken not to produce or to possess such weapons. Nevertheless, the major Powers continue the nuclear arms race in the name of a so-called balance of power and the dangerous theory of deterrence, each day accumulating ever- greater quantities of nuclear weapons and refusing to give negative guarantees to the nan-nuclear-weapon States. Thanks to the facilities granted it by certain Powers in contravention of Security Council resolution 421 (1977), imposing an embargo on arms shipments to South Africa, and in disregard of the OAU Declaration on the Denuclearization of Africa, South Africa's possession of the atomic bomb, places all African States, and its neighboring African States in particular, in a situation of total insecurity. If the nuclear arms race is quite rightly a matter of concern to the international community, the question of conventional weapons must also be the subject of our concern, because they are the weapons that are at present being employed wherever hotbeds of tension exist in the world. The Republic of Zaire welcomed the adoption by the United Nations on 10 October 1980 of the Convention on the Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, and three Protocols thereto. However, to be more fruitful, subsequent negotiations should examine the most crucial aspects of the problem posed by conventional weapons, namely, their overproduction, their sophistication and their transport towards areas of tension. Responsibility for this state of affairs lies solely with the manufacturers, who are more concerned about the profits they earn from the arms industry than about the danger the dissemination of weapons poses to international peace and security. The Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, devoted to disarmament, aptly laid stress on the need to approach the gamut of disarmament problems from the standpoint of development, because the arms race swallows up considerable resources that could be used to solve urgent economic and social problems. Indeed, in 1981 alone, arms expenditures amounted to $600 billion at a time when UNICEF, to mention only that organization, was drawing attention to the tragic plight of children throughout the world. Only 1 per cent of that figure would have been enough to alleviate their suffering. The reduction of military budgets is something that falls within the context of the goal of halting and reversing the arms race in order to free the resources necessary for economic development, in particular that of the developing countries. Resolutions adopted by the United Nations to that effect have not been implemented because the international community's interest has not been sufficiently aroused. This impotence of the international community has once again been illustrated by the failure of the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, which was able only to produce a programme for the World Disarmament Campaign. As the President of Zaire recalled at the recent conference of heads of State of France and Africa held in Kinshasa, the tragic events in Lebanon have highlighted the complexity of the crisis in the Middle East, where the situation remains extremely disturbing The search for a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the Middle East conflict is on a difficult road. The importance the international community attaches to a rapid settlement of the Middle East crisis emerges clearly from the various peace initiatives or proposals put forward over the past few years. It would appear that the international community has genuinely become aware of the true gravity of the situation that exists in this part of the world that is particularly sensitive, regarding the maintenance of international peace and security. In General Assembly resolution 181 (II), the United Nations assumed the historic responsibility for guaranteeing the existence in Palestine of a Jewish State, an Arab State and a special international regime for the Holy City of Jerusalem. The Security Council, and the five permanent members of the Council in particular, should envisage the adoption of special measures to guarantee the security, stability and integrity of all States in the region in order to usher in an era of peace, stability and harmony in that part of the world. The Palestinian people have the same rights as do the people of Israel, namely, the right to form an independent State, to a homeland of their own and to live in peace within secure and recognized frontiers free from acts of force. We are convinced that the settlement of the Middle East conflict requires, at the minimum, respect for and implementation of the following principles: first, recognition of the right of each State of the region to live in peace within secure and recognized frontiers; secondly, respect for the territorial integrity, political independence and sovereignty of each State; thirdly, mutual recognition among States in the region; fourthly, respect for the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territories by force; fifthly, recognition of the fact that the question of Palestine lies at the heart of the Middle East problem and, sixthly, recognition of and respect for the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to create an independent State under the leadership of the PLO, the sole, legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. All these elements can be found in General Assembly resolutions 181 (II) and 194 (III) and in Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973). Taken together, those four resolutions contain all the elements necessary for a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the Middle East problem, for they are mutually complementary and provide for a global approach to the various aspects of this problem. It is in that context, in particular, that we welcome the French-Egyptian initiative in the Security Council and the conclusions reached by the Twelfth Arab Summit Conference at Fez. The international community and the United Nations can today find in all those initiatives based on good faith the elements necessary for resolving the conflict. Zaire, a member of the Security Council, has associated itself with all the resolutions adopted by the Council since the outbreak of the Lebanese affair and it will continue to give its support to the effective implementation of those resolutions in the recognized interests of Lebanon. Zaire, whose policy is based on the goals and principles of the Charter and which attaches great importance to the role of the Organization, associated itself with the condemnation of the criminal massacre of Palestinian civilians in the Shatila and Sabra camps and demands that the rights of the civilian population be respected, without any discrimination, while at the same time it censures all acts of violence against civilian populations. We believe that those responsible for these massacres cannot remain unpunished. As was quite rightly stated by the President of the Republic of Zaire in his masterly statement on 8 October 1982, no morality, no pretext of any kind can possibly justify the massacre of innocent civilians. With regard to the problem of Namibia, the position of Zaire has recently been recalled most clearly by the President of the Republic in the aforementioned statement, and we venture to repeat its main points in the Assembly. In terms of the proposed settlement of the Namibian question approved by Security Council resolution 435 (1978), Namibia was to become independent in 1978. But, five years after the approval of that proposal, the transfer of power to the people of Namibia with the assistance of the United Nations has still not been carried out and South Africa is maintaining its illegal occupation and administration of this Territory, in defiance of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and international public opinion. While SWAPO has repeatedly given proof of its constant readiness to co-operate in the implementation of the United Nations settlement plan, South Africa's attitude has been characterized by frequent recourse to delaying tactics and other maneuvers designed to impede the implementation of Security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) and to postpone for as long as possible the inevitable independence of Namibia. We must all realize that the continuance of the illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa, together with the denial of the inalienable rights and fundamental freedoms of the Namibian people, the extension of the policy of apartheid to this Territory and the transformation of Namibian territory into a springboard for attacks and aggression against neighbouring independent African States, in particular Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Botswana, constitute a grave threat to peace and security in this region. Furthermore, the injection into the Namibian matter of extraneous factors which can serve only to distort this problem, which is in essence colonial, contains within itself the germs of a grave threat to international peace and security, while at the same time removing the protagonists even further from the climate of tranquility and confidence so necessary for a negotiated settlement of the Namibian question. Africa as a whole desires authentic and rapid independence for Namibia. Although we are convinced of the need to take into account certain practical considerations, we believe that resolution 435 (1978) remains the only basis for a negotiated settlement of the Namibian question that will bring about authentic independence, on conditions acceptable to the Namibian people and hence to the international community. We have been following with keen interest the consultations among the five members of the Western contact group and all parties concerned, and we have noted with satisfaction the constructive approach of SWAPO and the front-line States to the most recent proposals of the contact group. South Africa must adopt a similar approach in its consideration of these proposals and respond to them without delay. I should like to take this opportunity to repeat our firm condemnation of the illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa and its repeated acts of aggression against neighboring States, and we appeal for an increase in material and financial assistance to SWAPO in its just struggle for national liberation. Aware of its responsibilities towards Africa, Zaire will do everything within its power and its means, together with other members of the OAU and the United Nations, to help Namibia to become independent in 1983. To talk of Namibia is in a sense also to refer to the distressing situation in which the black peoples of South Africa have been kept for decades. To these victims of atrocious humiliation, who are suffering in the middle of the twentieth century, under the shameful yoke of the criminal policy of we say that Zaire, in unison with all the States of the world that cherish peace, justice, freedom and equality, reaffirms its solidarity in their just struggle for national liberation and the recovery of their rights. The situation prevailing in South Africa has all the characteristics of a typical colonial situation, aggravated by the elevation of racism and racial discrimination to the government policy known as apartheid, an outrageous policy which the United Nations and the whole civilized world have condemned as a crime against humanity. It follows from this condemnation that every State, every member of the international community, is duty-bound to help to ensure the abolition and eradication of and to refrain from any action that might directly or indirectly give comfort to South Africa in its pursuit of this policy and its denial of the inalienable rights and fundamental freedoms of the black population of South Africa. It is our dearest hope to see emerge in South Africa a genuinely democratic society governed by the majority and guaranteeing the rights of all the minorities without distinction as to race, color, sex or religion. The situation which has arisen in the extremely sensitive area of the Gulf with the persistence of the conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq, two brother countries members of the non-aligned movement, is particularly disturbing. We can only deplore the fact that the efforts which have been made so far within the United Nations and the non-aligned movement, as well as the Organization of the Islamic Conference, to bring about the peaceful settlement of this conflict have not proved successful. We should like to appeal once again most urgently to the parties to overcome their differences and co-operate in good faith in a search for a negotiated solution in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. HO. The situation in South-West and South-East Asia is another matter of profound concern for the whole international community. Indeed, at its thirty- fifth and thirty-sixth sessions the General Assembly adopted resolutions which in particular condemned the invasion and occupation of Kampuchea and Afghanistan and demand the withdrawal of all foreign forces of occupation from those countries. Unfortunately, those resolutions have not been complied with. Difficulties persist with regard to the implementation of those resolutions and the hopes that their adoption had aroused seem to have been dashed by the hardening of the positions of the parties concerned. In Kampuchea the military conflict continues. The human, material and food situation of the Khmer people both within the country and on its frontiers has not improved. In Afghanistan the foreign intervention and occupation is continuing. That situation is fraught with danger to international peace and security. Only strict respect for the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, particularly General Assembly resolutions 34/22, 35/6 and 36/5 on Kampuchea and resolutions 35/37 and 36/34 on Afghanistan can bring about peace in these areas. We therefore appeal urgently once again to the foreign occupation forces to evacuate these countries and leave their peoples to determine their own destinies in freedom. In the Korean peninsula there has been constant tension for 37 years now as a result of the division of the country by the victors in the Second World War. We believe that it is for the Korean people alone to settle the problem by peaceful means through dialogue between the North and the South, in a climate free from any external pressure or interference, in accordance with the principles of the Charter. In the interests of peace and detente, the United Nations should take new initiatives to create favorable conditions for the resumption of negotiations between the two Koreas. Faithful to its policy of non-alignment, Zaire has recognized the two Koreas and maintains with both excellent relations of friendship and co-operation. We believe that the admission to the United Nations of South Korea and North Korea, without prejudice to subsequent reunification, could, as in the case of the two Germanies, contribute to an easing of tension in that part of the world. With regard to the question of Cyprus, the resumption of intercommunal talks appears to us to be the best method of bringing about a just and lasting settlement of the crisis afflicting that country. We believe that the United Nations, through the Secretary- General, should continue its efforts to help the two communities to find a negotiated solution to their differences and create the necessary conditions for the restoration of peace. In the economic field, the international community is facing a serious crisis, a symptom of a profound breakdown in the structures of the present international economic and monetary order. Indeed the present international economic order is widening the gap between North and South and seems incapable of dealing with the problems facing both the developing countries and the developed countries themselves. There are tendencies towards protectionism and impediments of all kinds to international trade. Similarly, the machinery of co-operation is being distorted by prolonging relations of domination and exploitation. In this regard, the situation contains the seeds of a grave threat to international peace and security, particularly because the industrialized countries are continuing to refuse to make the structural changes called for by the vast majority of the States of the world. The various economic summit meetings of the countries of the North in which the countries of the South had placed so much hope have not lived up to their expectations; the multilateral trade negotiations continue to mark time, while the global negotiations remain deadlocked. In the realm of trade, the developed countries continue to be both judges and parties by unilaterally setting prices for primary commodities, to the detriment of the third world countries, for which the increasingly serious decline in the terms of trade, the high rate of inflation, unemployment and the increase in the burden of foreign debt lend dramatic dimensions to the crisis. The negotiations under way in UNCTAD, in the framework of the Integrated Programme for commodities, have made no progress. Of the 18 products on the Nairobi indicative list only coffee, cocoa, tin, natural rubber and sugar have been the subject of agreement. The Common Fund for Commodities which should in particular contribute to the financing of measures for commodity development so as to improve market structures and strengthen competitiveness and the long-term prospects for these products, has not yet been put into effect. We hope that the wealthy countries will demonstrate a greater measure of political will so that the sixth session of UNCTAD, which will be held in June 1983 in Belgrade, can produce better results than the fifth session. In the industrial field, the objectives pursued since the Second General Conference of UNIDO in Lima in 1975 are far from having been attained. We hope that everything possible will be done to ensure the success of the Fourth General Conference of UNIDO, which will be held in Kenya, and we appeal once again for a spirit of sincere co-operation on the part of the industrialized countries. The Vienna Programme of Action on Science and Technology for Development, adopted in August 1979,s has so far not even begun to be implemented and no agreement has been reached on its financing. The same applies to an international code of conduct for the transfer of technology negotiated within the framework of UNCTAD. I should like to stress the role and the importance which the third world countries attribute to this question of the transfer of technology as a catalyst for development, whether it be within the framework of the International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade in the more general framework of the establishment of a new international economic order. It is appropriate here to make an urgent appeal to all Member States to embrace a new ethic of international solidarity, without which no progress is possible. At a time of interdependence, we believe it essential that international development aid, technical and financial assistance and all other forms of international co-operation be derived from this new ethic and be based upon the principles of complementarity and mutual advantage. Indeed to be effective the organizing of development aid and technical and financial assistance must take into account the mutual interests of the parties as well as the specific realities and the dignity of the recipients. If there is one thing on the credit side of the balance sheet for this year, it is undoubtedly the adoption on 30 April of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. We must, however, deplore the fact that it was adopted by a vote and not by consensus and that some States have not felt that they could undertake to sign it. This Convention represents a victory for reason and it is an important step towards bringing about the new international economic order. The results achieved after such difficult negotiations have certainly not satisfied all delegationsómy own includedóbut nevertheless they constitute a basis which will allow for some improvement in the course of the work of the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. There remain a certain number of problems, particularly for the developing countries that are land producers of the same mineral resources as those found in the sea-bed and ocean floor, and the Republic of Zaire has already, from this very rostrum, drawn the attention of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea to the harm that may be done to land producers, including ourselves, as a result of uncontrolled exploitation of the resources of the seabed and the ocean floor and any disruption of the structure of international markets which may follow. That is the international environment in which economic relations between States are evolving at present. All projection studies indicate that this international environment will continue to be marked by an increase in protectionism on the part of the industrialized countries, their adherence to an outmoded and anachronistic international economic order and the erosion of multilateral co-operation, leaving the way clear for politically and ideologically inspired bilateralism. In the view of my delegation, the time has come for the international community to take specific measures to ensure the launching of global negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations, which is the only appropriate framework for a global, coherent and integrated approach, in conformity with General Assembly resolution 34/138 and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States. In parallel with these actions, the developing countries should continue and strengthen their efforts to promote fruitful and mutually advantageous cooperation. We cannot repeat too often that that should be considered a fundamental requirement for the establishment of the new international economic order. It must make it possible for us to constitute a force, not against the North, but to strengthen our own position as equal and full partners in international economic relations. It is in this context that we call upon the international community to support the Caracas Programme of Action^ and the Lagos Plan of Action, the purpose of which is to put into effect a strategy of collective autonomy. Another question which continues to concern the international community is that of hunger in the world. My delegation believes that to build a world system of effective food security, rather than confine ourselves to emergency assistance, the international community should over the long term focus its efforts on increasing agricultural production. I turn now to the questions of the draft World Charter for Nature, which is before us for adoption at this session, and Zaire's particular problems in transport, transit and access to international markets. It will be recalled that in its resolution 35/7 on the draft World Charter for Nature, the General Assembly invited Member States to conduct their activities in recognition of the supreme importance of protecting natural systems, maintaining the balance and quality of nature, in the interests of present and future generations. Last year, at the thirty-sixth session, the Secretary-General presented to the General Assembly the revised draft World Charter, which took account of all the observations made by the vast majority of Member States. Following the adoption of the Nairobi Declaration, which recognized the fragility of the environment, I should like to express the sincere hope that the final version of the draft World Charter will be adopted by consensus. With regard to Zaire's problems in the matter of transport, transit and access to international markets, I remind the Assembly that because of its geographical situation Zaire was placed in the category of semi-land-locked countries by UNCTAD resolution 110 (V), adopted at Manila in 1979." That resolution called for studies to be carried out with a view to helping countries in that category overcome their difficulties. Following that, the General Assembly adopted resolutions 34/193, 35/59 and 36/139 in 1979, 1980 and 1981, and the Economic and Social Council adopted its resolution 1981/68 in July 1981. The Republic of Zaire hopes that at the current session the Assembly will consider concrete measures to accelerate the implementation of those resolutions, on the basis of the Secretary-General's report. That is the substance of what Zaire wishes to say at this session, which, as I have already said, is being held at a particularly difficult time in the evolution of international relations. At the political level, the arms race and the many areas of tension in the world threaten international peace and security. In the field of economics, the developed countries, the beneficiaries of an anachronistic international economic cadre, continue to resist the legitimate claims of two thirds of mankind, while recession, inflation, rising unemployment, the constant deterioration in the terms of trade, imbalances in the balance of payments and external debts are exacerbating the economic difficulties of the third world. In spite of these negative findings and the gloomy prospects, the Republic of Zaire reaffirms its unshakable faith in the ideals of the United Nations and proclaims its devotion to the principles and purposes of the Charter, for, as President Mobutu Sese Seko said from this very rostrum at the twenty-eighth session of the Assembly, on 4 October 1973: "... thanks to the UN and through it, we shall be able to do more to promote co-operation among the inhabitants of our planet in the economic, cultural, scientific and technical fields, for the building of a better, fairer and more just world, in absolute respect for the authenticity of everyone."