Speaking for all members of the delegation of Uruguay, I wish to address to the President our warmest congratulations on his election to the presidency of the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly. Similarly, I wish to convey to his predecessor, Mr. Kittani, our special appreciation for the efficiency with which he directed deliberations at the last session. 257. Uruguay is taking part in this session of the Assembly with the express desire of reaffirming once again as an absolute priority its historical commitment to peace. This commitment has been made manifest ever since our independence, in our support for dialogue as an instrument for settling disputes, and in our unremitting defense of international law. 258. In a world troubled by the most serious threats, where there is constant tension and confrontations are rife, even where peace and security have been firmly established, the international community must, without delay, demonstrate in a specific, practical and effective manner, that its attachment to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations is not merely a formal promise or a passive expression of hope. 259. It is deplorable to note that in the interval since the last session of the Assembly new clashes, with their tragic toll of death and desolation, have taken place in many parts of the world. The sad reality of ongoing wars lends added urgency to the current negotiations and strongly underlines the unavoidable responsibility incumbent on each and every one of us, setting aside any dialectics. 260. Given the vicious circle of mistrust, tension and the arms race, civilized and fruitful coexistence can be obtained only to the extent that the various States exert their influence in their respective spheres in conformity with the international legal order and in strict observance of the obligations set down in the Charter. 261. It was this line of thinking that led Uruguay in a constructive spirit actively to participate in the work of the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. When we take stock of the results achieved, it is frustrating to acknowledge the lack of substantial progress on a topic in which a great many hopes had been placed, namely the comprehensive program for disarmament. It is, however, important to mention that reaffirmation of the validity of the 1978 Final Document in resolution S-10/2, the commitment to abide by the priorities established in the disarmament negotiations, and the adoption of two resolutions on a World Disarmament Campaign and disarmament fellowships are concrete measures in the long and laborious process of building up universal understanding. My country welcomes them with satisfaction. 262. With regard to disarmament, Uruguay enthusiastically agrees that resources not spent on armament should be reallocated to developing countries. It also warmly supports as a form of progress the idea of using these resources for the development of nuclear-free zones which, although geographically limited, contribute to the cause and objectives of disarmament. It is to be hoped that this example, to which Latin America made an outstanding contribution with the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treat of Tlatelolco), will be followed by other geographical areas, thus multiplying the number of zones to be gradually freed from the nuclear threat. However, the inalienable right of the developing countries to access to nuclear technology for peaceful purposes should be strongly reaffirmed. 263. We should now like to offer some comments concerning the many conflicts now under way. Apart from constituting a threat to the basis of the harmonious coexistence of nations, these conflicts ignore the essential fact that we are all part and parcel of the same civilization, which is based on shared ideals. This deeply troubles the conscience of nations such as mine which regard any of their expectations as secondary to the cause of peace and place all their endeavors at its service. 264. During the conflict in the South Atlantic Uruguay noted with concern and anguish how the use of forceóa procedure irreversibly proscribed by the Charter of the United Nationsóemerged in the American community of nations. Those responsible chose to disregard the inexorable tide of history. 265. On various occasions and in various bodies my country has taken a position of solidarity with Argentina. This position is based on recognition of Argentina's right to claim sovereignty over the Malvinas Islands. Today Uruguay confirms that recognition in keeping with the best diplomatic traditions of my country, having been one of the first to put forward in this very body the unquestionable right of Argentina to the archipelago under dispute. 266. Uruguay also reaffirms its strong desire to help in the search for a negotiated solution to the conflict. We are ready to participate in efforts to attain this purpose. To that end my Government would like to restate its willingness to offer the necessary facilities to the interested and concerned parties as well as to any possible mediators so that it may receive them in the traditional Uruguayan environment of peace and security. 267. We have no doubt of the need for a peaceful solution to the crisis obtaining in the South Atlantic, but we should like to express our firm desire that the solution not contravene the course of history or breed future confrontations. 268. Once again the situation in the Middle East is causing particular concern to my Government, which, faithful to the juridical and political principles that underlie our international conduct, is particularly alive to the anguish caused by the grave events that have come to pass in Lebanon 269 We appreciate the values that Lebanon represents. It is a nation that loves peace and culture. The close links of friendship and respect between our countries prompt us to call for the strictest respect for its sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence. In other words, we demand respect for its right freely to choose its own future without foreign intervention. This obviously implies the withdrawal from Lebanese territory of all occupying forces regardless of their origin. 270. In the judgment of my Government a strong and independent Lebanon constitutes an essential factor for peace throughout the region. The international community must exert every effort to co-operate with the people and Government of Lebanon in the attainment of these goals. It is likewise imperative that the parties to the conflict adopt an unswerving policy to that end. 271. Uruguay will firmly support any action designed to bring about peace in the Middle East. That is consistent with our position. It should be brought about through agreements negotiated among the parties involved without violence and with justice so as to guarantee all parties the possibility of living within safe and recognized boundaries in accordance with international law and the relevant resolutions of the Security Council. 272. In that spirit we are participating in the Sinai multinational peace-keeping force, and we are ready to co-operate in various actions to be undertaken in order to consolidate and broaden the process leading to a just and lasting peace in the region, regardless of extraneous interests and destabilizing factors. 273. Equally it bears repeating here that the objective of peace in the Middle East presupposes the existence and recognition of the State of Israel and its right and the right of other nations not to be attacked. Of course it is also necessary for the international community to understand the legitimate aspirations of the [people of Palestine to have a territory in which to settle and establish a free and sovereign State. 274. My country's foreign policy has been based on unswerving respect for fundamental principles such as non-interference in the domestic jurisdiction of States and the right of all peoples to self-determination. The application of these principlesówhich all have the same source, the preservation of the right to exercise sovereigntyóhas been constantly and seriously hampered by the actions of countries and pressure groups which, because of their support for internal forces, internationalize conflicts that clearly fall within the domestic jurisdiction of States. This has led to a situation in which the inalienable right of States to decide their own future without foreign pressure or undue influence is disregarded. This is dramatically evident in regions such as Central America, where, furthermore, violence and terrorism daily infringe the political, economic and social stability of countries, which is an essential element of the full development of the peoples of the region. 275. With regard to Afghanistan, the majority of the international community has expressed a strong desire for detente, an end to military clashes so as to avoid greater suffering and misery among the people, the immediate withdrawal of foreign troops, total respect for the rights of the civilian population and restoration of effective sovereign national authority. The persistence of the conflict creates a dangerous source of friction that must be resolved as soon as possible. 276. In the context of these particular issues, I must state that my Government attaches great importance to the achievement of a peaceful independent solution to the question of the unification of Korea through inter-Korean dialogue. That would help create conditions favorable for mutual understanding and for the general stability of the region. 277. It would be worth while to reactivate the good offices of the Secretary-General in this case for discus-sions between North and South Korea. 278. In all the international bodies in which it participates, Uruguay has always defended the principle of the self-determination of peoples. Therefore, we reaffirm once again the Namibian people's right to independence and its right to choose, in a climate of peace and free from undue pressures and external influences, its own political constitution, within the framework guaranteed by the United Nations provisional administration. Uruguay's stand on this issue is not anomalous; it is consistent with, and a part ot', our unswerving commitment to peace and our emphatic rejection of any use of violence or terrorism. 279. Uruguay is a party to the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination We were the first State to accept the machinery set forth in that Convention for receiving individual complaints and communications. That position is not one dictated by circumstances; it has been energetically and unswervingly held by my country's representatives ever since the inception of the United Nations, ever since the Organization first gave impetus to the process of decolonization. 280. Although the great majority of the nations of the international community have ratified or acceded to that Convention, thus making it a universal instrument, discrimination on the basis of color, race, national or ethnic origin, or social class remains a tragic fact which shocks our conscience and is an affront to the spirit of progress of mankind. 281. The forced displacement of indigenous populations; the marginal existence of national or ethnic minorities; the existence of discriminatory laws; the persistence of practices based on notions of superiority or on racial hater: all these things convince us that the Programme for the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, which expires in December of next year, should be renewed and broadened. 282. Unfortunately the examples I have given are not the only manifestations of discrimination. It has also been manifested in the most painful forms of religious intolerance, which, in various parts of the world, continue to provoke a great deal of violence, persecution, and even genocide. In this connection, my country reaffirms its full support for the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, which the Assembly adopted fast year in resolution 36/55. At the same time we urge the prompt resumption of consideration of a draft international convention on this matter. That instrument would serve as the basis, together with other necessary efforts, to combat theories, systems and institutions based on discriminatory principles which disregard the fundamental equality of the family of man. 283. Uruguay was also one of the first countries to ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which was adopted by the Assembly three years ago in resolution 34/180, and we welcome the fact that the Convention has come into force. We express the hope that it will help to ensure the participation of women, on an equal footing and at every level of society. 284. In that connection, we must mention a system that shocks the conscience of mankind and makes a doctrine of iniquity: Uruguay is pleased to affirm with its usual conviction its radical opposition to that policy as well as to any other form of racism that openly and stubbornly contradicts the moral and philosophical premises that form the basis of our most deeply and dearly held cultural traditions. 285. The world crisis facing mankind is manifested not only in the destruction caused by those who ignore the single origin and nature of human-beings. It is also clear in the inability of the international community to put a stop to the ongoing violence which has become an integral part of the political practice of nations, nations with a long tradition of institutional stability and those recently emancipated from colonialism. That violence has resulted in constant acts of terrorism, with their tragic toll in murder, kidnapping and extortion; this seems to flourish in societies where democratic institutions prevail and where an attempt is made to preserve fundamental freedoms and individual rights. On the other hand, symptomatically, the phenomenon of terrorism does not appear in any country where totalitarianism exists with its systematic violation of human rights. 286. Acts of terrorism are grave offences against common law; they violate the most fundamental principles of persona! and collective security, whatever the political pretexts invoked for their commission. 287. Uruguay is a party to all the conventions adopted within the United Nations system and the Organization of American States with the aim of preventing and punishing acts of terrorism. It has also participated very actively in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee on International Terrorism. Several of its proposals on the subject have been approved by that Committee. 288. Notwithstanding our recognition of the efforts that have been made, we must firmly state our dis-appointment at the fact that the international community has not adopted practical, specific and comprehensive measures to deal effectively with the grave and complex problem of terrorism. Although the maintenance of internal security is the responsibility of each individual State, co-operation among countries is essential to prevent and punish, in a co-ordinate way, crimes with international implications. 289. Although consideration of the underlying causes of acts of terrorism and violence deserve attention, it must not lead us to delay indefinitely the search for remedies to deal with what is an undeniable fact: that acts of terrorism are invariably repeated, deserving the repudiation of all civilized nations. 290. The efforts to prevent and punish crimes committed against diplomatic agents and other persons enjoying immunities established in international law are based on the adoption in New York, m 1973, of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents. But we believe that a multilateral machinery must be established to deal with acts of terrorism affecting ordinary persons who do not enjoy the special protection of those immunities, but who are, none the less, entitled to international protection as human beings. 291. This year we have witnessed a historic event of great importance: the approval by the great majority of the international community of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,- which establishes a new and comprehensive legal order applicable to the seas and based on the recognition of the sovereign rights and jurisdiction of the littoral States in the waters adjacent to their coasts, in an exclusive economic zone, and on the continental shelf, with due regard for the jus communication and the rational exploitation of the resources of the sea. 292. It is also based on co-operation for the development of scientific research, the protection and pres-ervation of the marine environment, the administration by an international authority of that zone, of the sea-bed and the ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction with the necessary powers for organizing and controlling those activities related to the exploration and exploitation of resources and the establishment of a production policy for that zone and a comprehensive system for the settlement of disputes. 293. However, we regret that some countries were not able to overcome their difficulties with respect to certain points and cast a favorable vote. Nevertheless, we trust and hope that they will be able to reconsider their position for the benefit of the common good. This would allow us to reach our objective, which would constitute an achievement of prime importance for the stability of international relations and the consolidation of world peace. 294. With regard to the environment, 1982 has been a year rich in important events, to which our country contributed decisively and with conviction. The session of a special character that was convened by the Governing Council of UNEP last May in Nairobi commemorating the tenth anniversary of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which was held in 1972 in Sweden, was followed by the tenth session of the Governing Council. A signal achievement of these two meetings was the renewal of the "spirit of Stockholm", the solemn ratification by more than 100 nations of their commitment to preserve the environment, thus ensuring a vital framework for humanity and the common heritage of future generations. The Nairobi and the Action Plan for the Human Environment? that were adopted represent a new policy approach. It is a more systematic and technical approach which includes a considerable strengthening of international action on the subject and the implementation of the resolutions adopted at the /M Meeting of Senior Government Officials Expert in Environmental Law, which my country was pleased to host in October and November 1981. 295. The Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was held last August at Vienna. The objective of the Conference was to analyze at the world level those problems concerning the cosmos at a time when we are approaching a quarter century of the space age. Uruguay participated actively in the work of that Conference, firmly convinced that it was the appropriate time to take stock of the past and the present in order to make a realistic projection for the future with a view to genuine international co-operation on this question. 296. The enormous increase in the field of communications and the interdependence of peoples that provide our civilization with a real sense of unity has made it imperative for the field of communications to become an essential element in the economic and social development of all countries. 297. Faithful to this idea, we have adhered to the proclamation by the General Assembly of the World Communications Year and we are ready within our means to take part in the Plan of Action to be undertaken next year. To this end, we have already established a National Committee in our country in which all the relevant ministries and government services are represented. 298. Uruguay is a party to the international Covenants on Human rights, including the Optional Protocol to the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It has always fought in every forum against the death penalty. Hence we were pleased to note the significant progress made in the drafting of a second optional protocol to abolish capital punishment, a vestige of history that denies the first right of manóthe right to life. 299. In the same spirit, Uruguay has taken part in the work of the Commission on Human Rights is preparing a convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading acts. 300. We have also reaffirmed our interest in any measure contributing to the strengthening and expanding of the machinery of the Organization to improve the effective enjoyment of individual rights and fundamental freedoms. 301. We also strongly support the planned international campaign against drug trafficking, within the context of the international Strategy for Drug Abuse Control. This campaign is designed to achieve the eradication of another human scourge. 302. There are other initiatives aimed at consolidating the objectives adopted by the Assembly when pro-claiming international years, such as the Year of the Child in 1979 and the Year of Disabled Persons in 1981. We support these initiatives. Given my Government's prime interest in these matters, we noted with satisfaction the considerable progress made in the drafting of a convention on the rights of the child, as well as that concerning the implementation of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons, designed to prevent incapacitating disabilities and to promote rehabilitation and the full integration of the handicapped into society. 303. None the less, it is our earnest hope that these aims will not become obscured by rhetoric, as has unfortunately happened frequently in the international community, which shows the international community's incapacity to go beyond the level of mere statements at a time when crucial and ongoing challenges facing mankind call for strong substantive action. 304. We know that there are good intentions; we know that there is no lack of theoretical concepts; but the shaping of a more just and equitable world economy, as well as the establishment of a legal order in a world fraught with individualism and violence, is still mere aspirations and nothing more. 305. A question affecting the whole of mankind on which we cannot remain silent is that of hunger and poverty which ruthlessly afflict more than 900 million people in the world. 306. Uruguay, a developing country, cannot accept with criminal indifference the suffering of others as well as the passivity of the machinery of a system that in practice violates the basic tenets of the Organization. 307. These situations, which deny the very minimum of human solidarity, demand the priority attention of the Assembly in order to restructure the links of interdependence and find solutions capable of alleviating the scourge of hunger and its cause, destitution. We must have the necessary political will to adopt appropriate measures allowing us to expect a certain measure of success in the struggle for better health and education in order to improve the lot of mankind and enhance the sanctity of life. 308. In the field of health, it is fitting to mention specifically the fact that Uruguay has begun a massive vigorous campaign to vaccinate all our population. This is the culmination of the constant work of prophylaxis that has been an ongoing concern of the health services of my country. 309. It is also worth noting that, in the Held of education, my Government is making every effort to implement an ambitious literacy program which will finally eliminate the already very low rate of illiteracy of no more than 5 per cent. The first stage of this campaign has successfully been completed recently this year. 310. It is paradoxical to note that at this time when we have witnessed the greatest achievements and progress and when science and technology borders on science fiction there still remain groups of people living in abject poverty. This is a harsh reminder of our unavoidable responsibility. 311. This question cannot be considered in isolation from the matter of trade, where we feel the effects of tariff barriers in our efforts to attain efficient food and agricultural production. That is especially true in those developing countries which have the good fortune of possessing great resources to contribute to the feeding of the world but which, because of actions {taken by industrialized nations, must face trade and marketing problems, to which I shall refer later. 312. Concerning the world economic situation, we must express our. deep concern at the gradual and continuing deterioration within an acute process that seems to accelerate day by day. The persistence of recessionary and inflationary processes, the increase in unemployment, the instability of exchange rates, imbalances in the balance of payments of the industrialized countries, the consequent irritating protectionist reactions and, finally, why not say it?óthe indifference and the lack of the political will on the part of the industrialized countries to face the demands imposed by the overwhelming world crisisóinexorably delay the economic progress of the developing countries, which are the majority of those gathered in the Assembly. 313. Within an economic framework such as that which exists today, which is marked by an intense and ever greater interdependence among the peoples of the world, it is imperative to find solutions based on a global economic approach, which makes it necessary to adopt a long-term global economic policy. This requires the optimum allocation of resources, which in turn signifies the redistribution and relocation of industries according to the competitive capacity of each country, the general opening of economies in order to ensure an effective interplay of the laws of competition, and the adoption of a strategy capable of covering ail the developing areas without excluding key sectors. 314. Within the same line of reasoning and with reference to international trade, we must note the grave damage done to economic development in general and to food production and agricultural and industrial development in particular by the discriminatory practices and tariff barriers applied in many parts of the world, particularly by the developed countries. 315. We believe that the creation of an effective system of global security in the food sector must be accompanied by the parallel creation of an international financing system which will not be prejudicial to the food-producing developing countries. A new world food order is a prerequisite for any international economic order. 316. Within the structural readjustment that we are proposing, the problem of energy is also a priority that must be dealt with as a whole. A new world energy order must assure access by all non-oil- producing countries with a limited economic potential to sources of supply at reasonable and predictable prices. We must also consider the development and international financing of new and alternative sources of energy. This must be a pre-condition of the establishment of any new international economic order. 317. The developing countries are not resigned to this critical situation but insist upon a clear-cut position regarding the adoption of decisions by international bodies and greater participation in the acceptance of such instruments. 318. Within this context, we fully support the aims of and the steps taken to ensure the relaunching of global negotiations, on the understanding that what will be discussed concerning this subject is of interest to everyone in the international community. These negotiations must be carried out in conditions of absolute equality. 319. It is difficult to understand how in the world of today we could reach agreements on energy and financing, international trade, protectionism and readjustment, raw materials and food, and industrialization and technology without the representation of all those interested and concerned. There must be an end to exclusion and selective participation and the question of the formal initiation of global negotiations must as soon as possible be brought to the Assembly. 320. It is worth noting that the developing countries have initiated a very significant attempt to establish a South-South dialogue through the implementation of a wide range of activities involving economic cooperation. Uruguay has participated and is participating with enthusiasm and good faith in this process, which offers clear hope of widening the basis of the economies of the developing countries and of bettering the standard of living if their peoples. That common effort is an appropriate and suitable response to the needs and requirements of our time, always bearing in mind the solidarity that must prevail among countries that are going through similar stages of development. 321. We firmly believe that development and security are intimately linked concepts and it could be said that there can be no integral development without the counterbalance of collective economic security through a multilateral juridical system that guarantees the full implementation of the rules and principles of co-operation for development. This is also applicable to the area of defense, in the case of economic measures or actions aimed at thwarting the sovereign will of States, the maintenance of the essential conditions of free and normal economic development and, in the last analysis, the effective practical application of international economic justice. 322. Uruguay has voted in favor of the program budget for the biennium 1982-1983. This is a budget in which the concept of zero growth is used for the first time, after many years of sustained increases. The comprehensive nature of the budget appropriations does not entail an increase in the financial burden. 323. The support of my country for this policy of austerity is based upon the unavoidable need to rationalize the hyperactivity of the United Nations and prevent the dispersal of effort. In this context, we should like the process of identifying and eliminating activities that are outdated, inefficient or of marginal usefulness to be intensified. This also applies to reduction of the very high percentage of costs absorbed by salaries and staff contributions. That percentage bears no reasonable relationship to the funds appropriated by the Organization for programmes of work of a substantial nature in the economic, social and humanitarian fields. 324. Finally, we should like to make reference to something of special importanceónamely, the strengthening of the role of the Organization and equitable representation of its members of the Security Council. 325. As I have already said, Uruguay fully understands and supports the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, which are those that have always guided our foreign policy. Support for the objectives of international peace and security are, in the end, identified with the aims of the civilization to which we all belong. We reaffirm our faith in the present and permanent relevance of this civilization and we express our steadfast support for all measures aimed at overcoming the obstacles in the path of the development of harmonious relations and mutual respect based on justice among all the peoples of the world. 326. We place our greatest hope in the common effort of all those in the Organization and in the firm and unswerving application of the means and instruments available to the Organization. In this way we shall be able to make gradual but steady progress in maintaining and consolidating international peace and security, developing co-operation among nations, promoting the rules of international law and improving relations among States as well as on questions of the procedure for the peaceful settlement of disputes both regionally and internationally. 327. Only two months ago, our President Alvarez, analyzing the Latin American scene during a recent meeting of the Latin American Integration Association, said: "A world of super-Powers and mini-States, of groups of countries with enormous imbalances in their relative development, is their share in the fruits of progress and in their capacity to negotiate, calls for concerted action by those countries that are more excluded than weak, in order that it may become more just. "With its demographic influence, its common cultural tradition, its enormous and unexploited riches and its dedication to peace and law, Latin America has a!! the conditions necessary to constitute an influential area, not only in economic alignment but in the political and cultural spheres as well, within an international order where im-balances of power give rise to voluntary or involuntary situations of domination. "Setting aside questionable schemes used to group countries according to their level of development or relative power, I should like to see a Latin America that would be a totally new and independent force projected into the future as the continent of hope, of freedom and of justice, as the bridge and the link between the more developed and the most backward areas of the world." 328. In this same line of thinking, I have no doubt that Uruguay will honor its commitment to America and to the world for the harmonious convergence of both currents, so that we can devote all our efforts to serving the aim of closer and more reciprocal constructive co-operation. 329. With regard to matters relating to the functions of the Security Council, the distressing events that occurred during this year make it more than ever necessary to amend the rule of unanimity that was established for the benefit of the permanent members of the Security Council, a rule that tends to perpetuate an obvious situation of privilege the exercise of which paralyses the Council's mission for peace. 330. It is also necessary to say that with the passing of time and in the light of many painful and enlightening experiences it will become necessary to consider the possibility of giving thought to the most effective means of organizing the system of voting in the Security Council, above all in order to preserve intact its constitutional power to act for the preservation of peace, which is the very reason it was brought into being. 33!. It is then fittingóand in this regard we fully agree with the proposal made by the Secretary- Generalóto hold a special meeting of the Security Council. This would be a frank, determined action that would enable us realistically to face those problems in the solution of which we are all ineluctably engaged. 332. In conclusion, my Government is prepared to support any effort designed to strengthen the Organization and to enable it fully to assume its responsibilities. Hence, we shall make a firm contribution to creating a climate favorable to dialogue and trust, to civilized and fruitful coexistence, starting along the road towards a community of nations without tutors or pupils, a community in which the legal equality of States will be expressed through a policy of full respect for the right of everyone freely to choose his own future without interference or aggression. This is the task we all face. It is an unavoidable and daily task that poses: a crucial challenge, one we must face and one we must overcome, guided by the same spirit of solidarity and brotherhood, as we continue along the path of peace and justice towards the new conditions the future holds in store for mankind.