38. On behalf of the delegation of the Socialist Republic of Romania, allow me, Madam President, to offer you sincere congratulations on your election to the high office of President of this session of the General Assembly. This election is a tribute to your country and at the same time a recognition of your qualities as an outstanding diplomat and of your long service to the United Nations. It also bears witness to the respect of the international community for the important contribution made by the African countries to the task of promoting co-operation between peoples and the consolidation of peace throughout the world. 39. I would further like to take this opportunity to renew the expression of our high regard for U Thant, the Secretary-General, and for his activities directed to strengthening the Organization and enhancing its role in international affairs. 40. I should also like to pay a tribute to the memory of the last President of the General Assembly, Mr. Emilio Arenales, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Guatemala, and to express our deep sorrow at the untimely passing of a distinguished representative of the Latin American school of diplomacy. 41. May I, Madam President, associate myself with the feelings of profound respect you have just expressed for Mahatma Gandhi, one of the great figures in the achievement of independence by the Indian people and indeed in the history of modern times. We join all those individuals and peoples who have paid a unanimous and moving tribute to his memory in celebrating the centenary of his birth. I avail myself of this occasion to renew the expression of the Romanian people’s esteem and friendship for the people of India, for its glorious history and for its illustrious contribution to human civilization. 42. The Romanian people have recently celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of the liberation of Romania from the Facist yoke, an event which ushered in a new era in our history. In fact it is during the last quarter of a century that Romania, for the first time in its history, has become truly independent, has acquired the capacity for determining its own destiny and has firmly embarked on the course of dynamic development in every sector of social life. Evidence of this dynamism is to be found in the fact that, in comparison with the year 1938, the country’s total industrial output has increased some 17-fold, its agricultural production has doubled and the real per capita income of the population has tripled. 43. On the basis of Romania’s economic and social realities and the nation’s desire for peace and progress, plans have been adopted for the next decade outlining our goals and the ways and means of achieving steady material and spiritual advancement. The fundamental objectives of this vast programme are the expansion and modernization of the entire economy through the application of the achievements of modern science and technology, the increased well-being of the people, the improvement of social and State activities, the active participation of all citizens in the formulation and implementation of the country’s domestic and foreign policies and the protection of the broadest rights and democratic freedoms for all members of society in the interests of the full and unrestricted development of the human personality. 44. An essential prerequisite for the fulfilment of that programme is the existence of conditions conducive to the maintenance of peace and co-operation among all peoples, for it is only in such a context that each nation can reap the benefits of a world-wide exchange of values. That is what lies at the root of Romania’s foreign policy and of its staunch support for the cause of peace and international collaboration. 45. Romania, being a socialist country, the core of its foreign policy naturally lies in the promotion of friendly relations and co-operation with all socialist countries that share the same philosophy and goals. In a spirit of peaceful coexistence, my country has consistently pursued an active policy designed to expand economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological co-operation with all the States in the world, regardless of their social system. 46. Ascribing dynamic significance to the concept of peaceful coexistence, Romania’s leaders have held meetings and engaged in discussions and negotiations with Heads of State and Government and with outstanding personalities in many countries of the world, convinced that this is the way to better mutual understanding, to increased confidence among States, and to stabilization of the international political atmosphere. 47. Today, when the destinies and interests of all the peoples are more closely interwoven than ever before in a common effort to achieve a relaxation of tension and peace, differences in social and political systems should not be an obstacle to understanding and co-operation, provided, of course, that there is a desire for concerted action in this direction. 48. Romania has based its relations with all States on respect for the principles of national sovereignty and independence, equality of rights, non-interference in internal affairs, mutual advantage and strict observance of every nation’s right to decide its own future in accordance with its vital aspirations and interests. My country’s experience in recent years in the field of political and diplomatic relations and in international life in general permits me to assert that, providing these principles are respected, good relations can be developed among all States regardless of their size or potential. Strict observance of these principles furnishes and ensures the best international setting for the development of each nation’s creative capacities and for its economic and spiritual advancement. At the same time, it represents the key to the establishment of relations of mutual trust and confidence and of collaboration among States, while reinforcing their international rule of law. The course of international affairs has shown — and continues to show — that the consistent application of these principles in international relations, the total elimination of policies of domination and pressure, the assurance that the necessary conditions will exist for each nation freely to choose the course of its development constitute the essential prerequisite for peace, international security and co-operation in the modern world. 49. Of the principles that shape the background to relations among the sovereign nations with equal rights that make up the international community, co-operation, one of the fundamental tenets of the Charter of the United Nations, is having an ever-increasing impact on present-day international life. Co-operation among States is an objective necessity imposed by the present condition of mankind and is rapidly multiplying ties among peoples. The profound changes that are taking place in the modern world, the dynamic growth of the forces of production, the explosive impact of science and technology on all sectors of human activity, the intensification of the international division of labour objectively impose the compelling need to expand, multiply and diversify the bonds of co-operation and to develop relations and contacts among States. 50. Today, economic and cultural progress is inconceivable without an extensive and sustained dialogue between States, regardless of their social and political systems. By promoting relations in the fields of economic, cultural and scientific co-operation, by taking part in the implementation of international programmes concerned with research and peaceful application in the domains of outer space, the oceans, human environment, biology or atomic energy, States can become familiar with the language of co-operation, and can promote an atmosphere conducive to understanding and rapprochement among peoples. 51. In our view, which is shared by many other States, the specific and well-defined purpose of international co-operation is to facilitate, reinforce and protect the constructive efforts made by each nation, and to give every one the possibility of raising its economy, science and culture to the level of the requirements of modern civilization. 52. A particularly significant role devolves on international co-operation, which is called upon to support the economic and social development of developing countries and to facilitate and promote this process. Indeed, it is in the true interests of the international community as a whole to contribute to the development of young States, so that they may take their due place in the international community in accordance with the principle of equal rights of States, and participate fully in the active and many-sided process of co-operation among all the nations of the world. 53. Many aspects of contemporary political affairs point to the ability of States, both large and small, to make a positive contribution to the settlement of international problems, to influence events by firmly steering them in the direction of a relaxation of tension and an improvement in the international climate. We welcome the steadily increasing trend, based on political realism and on overriding considerations of peace, towards the participation of all States, on an equal footing, in the settlement of political issues, and towards implementation of the principle of the universality of international bodies, agreements and treaties of general interest. 54. Once again we would emphasize the need for the reinstatement of the People’s Republic of China in its legitimate rights in the United Nations and all its specialized agencies, as well as for the long-delayed but inevitable expulsion of envoys of Chiang Kai-shek from the seat they are illegally occupying. If it is to hold out hope of an effective and lasting solution, any realistic approach to the major problems of the modern world — whether they concern disarmament and international security or the elimination of under-development, or whether they relate to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy or the resources of the sea—calls for the participation of that great socialist State. The reinstatement of the People’s Republic of China in its legitimate rights in the United Nations, which Romania has consistently supported, would strengthen the Organization and enhance its effectiveness and prestige in the world. 55. In the interests of the European and world situation, we also attach particular importance to the normalization of relations with the German Democratic Republic and to its admission to the United Nations. The presence of the two German States in the Organization would enable them to participate actively in international affairs on an equal footing and would exert a beneficial effect on the activities of the United Nations. 56. Concerned for the respect due to the principles embodied in the Charter, for the right of every people to self-determination, Romania, together with other countries, has repeatedly asked for the withdrawal of the foreign troops which are occupying South Korea under cover of the United Nations, and for the dissolution of the so-called United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea. 57. The consolidation of peace and the promotion of international co-operation make it imperative to eliminate the last traces of colonialism and to respect the sacred right of every people to decide its own future and freely to choose its own course of social and political development. 58. The Romanian people, having in the course of its history experienced all the bitterness of foreign exploitation and oppression, firmly supports the peoples’ struggle against colonialism and neo-colonialism, their fight to achieve and consolidate their national independence and their efforts to promote social progress. In this spirit, the Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania has suggested that the Preparatory Committee for the Tenth Anniversary of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples should propose that the General Assembly, at its next session, should recommend effective steps for eliminating the remaining traces of the colonial system once and for all. 59. In expressing its complete solidarity with the peoples fighting for freedom and national independence, Romania firmly condemns the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination enforced by the ruling circles of the Republic of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia, as well as the policy of colonial oppression practised in Namibia, Angola and Mozambique. 60. The complete and final eradication of the former state of affairs presupposes the removal of any form of exploitation or domination, open or concealed, colonialist or neo-colonialist, and the strengthening of the economic and political independence of the new States. 61. The efforts made by the young States themselves to strengthen their institutions and make full use of their material and human resources, to train qualified personnel, and to ensure that the masses enjoy the benefits of culture, which were systematically denied to these peoples during the colonial era, all these objectives and initiatives should find solid support in international co-operation so that these tasks may be lightened and swiftly achieved. 62. It is very difficult to conceive of international relations following a normal course if the gulf continues to widen between developed and developing countries in circumstances where material and intellectual: wealth accumulates on one side only. The great progress achieved in modern science and technology by human genius has enhanced the possibilities of reducing these disparities through the application of new achievements to the national economy and through the assimilation of science which thus tends to become an integral part of each country’s potential. The Second Development Decade represents an attempt to approach the economic and social problems of developing countries in a concerted manner and in a long-term perspective. We are convinced that the United Nations and its specialized agencies have an important part to play and a great task to perform in implementing this programme. 63. To save the world from another conflagration, we believe it is particularly important to stabilize relations among States, to promote peaceful means of settling international disputes and to prohibit and banish force and tactics based on force from international affairs. 64. The bankruptcy of the policy of force is fully illustrated by the failure of the foreign intervention in Viet-Nam, where it has been confronted by the unflinching will of the people of Viet-Nam to defend its right to choose and freely to pursue its own social and political development. By mobilizing all their energies to oppose the United States intervention with a courage and strength born solely of faith in a just cause, the people of Viet-Nam has provided irrefutable factual evidence that a people defending its sacred right to a free and independent existence cannot be overcome. This example increases the confidence of peoples in their own strength and makes them ever more determined to defend their right to a free and independent existence. 65. The establishment of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Viet-Nam, which gained wide diplomatic recognition from the outset, testifies eloquently to the profound aspirations of the popular masses in South Viet-Nam, who are fighting for the freedom and independence of their homeland. The Romanian Government has noted with satisfaction the formation of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Viet-Nam, with which it has established diplomatic relations. 66. In the interests of peace, a settlement of the conflict in South Viet-Nam must be brought about by political means at the negotiating table and in strict observance of the fundamental national interests of the people of Viet-Nam. We hope that the negotiations in Paris will lead to the conclusion of the war and to the withdrawal of foreign troops from Viet-Nam, thus creating the conditions in which the people of Viet-Nam can solve its domestic problems, including the problem of reunification of its homeland, in accordance with its inalienable right to self-determination without any foreign interference. The Romanian people has supported and will continue whole-heartedly to support the people of Viet-Nam in its just struggle to preserve its independence and the freedom of its homeland. 67. In another area of the world, the Middle East, a focus of conflict still exists, with serious consequences for world peace. Military encounters, the material destruction and loss of human lives which they entail, are inflicting untold damage on the populations of that region and only serve the interests of imperialist circles, which are seeking to sharpen differences and heighten tension in order to maintain and consolidate their domination. 68. All the experience of contemporary international affairs confirms that attempts to settle conflicts by the use of force cannot lead to viable solutions. It is only by the use of political means, in a spirit of justice and respect for the legitimate rights and interests of all the parties concerned, that a lasting settlement can be achieved. In order to create a favourable climate for the promotion of such solutions, it is necessary to avoid any action that might increase tension and add to the gravity of the situation, making it even more difficult to solve the problems of the Middle East. 69. Romania has consistently opposed military operations in the Middle East and still believes in the need for a peaceful settlement of the conflict, in accordance with the legitimate interests and rights of all peoples living in that region. Accordingly my country has consistently favoured a solution to the Middle East conflict in the spirit of the Security Council resolution of November 1967 [242 (1967)], which provides a reasonable basis for the settlement of the situation in that area. In line with that resolution, we consider it necessary that Israel should withdraw its forces from the occupied territories without delay and should give up all territorial claims. At the same time, we believe that the integrity of the frontiers and the security of all States in that part of the world should be assured, and a solution found to the problem of the Palestinian refugees giving due consideration to their legitimate interests and rights. 70. We are convinced that all Member States of the international community can contribute to a peaceful settlement of the conflict in the Middle East, in the spirit of the principles and goals of the Charter. We believe that it is absolutely essential to take into account the negative effect exerted by the time factor on the possibilities of settling conflicts, and that courage and a sense of responsibility should be shown in tackling the existing problems by redoubling the efforts of all States, large or small, to bring about a just and lasting peace in that area. 71. Of all the efforts directed to promoting peace in the world, first place should be assigned to achieving European security, a subject to which the Romanian Government attaches special importance. The history of the first half of this century has clearly shown that it is of overriding importance, not only for Europe but for the whole world to find solutions to outstanding European problems and to transform Europe into a continent practising peaceful and fruitful co-operation among nations, thus making it a stable factor for peace and prosperity. 72. A positive contribution to the promotion of understanding and co-operation on our continent is found in the ideas and principles set forth in the resolution entitled “Actions on the regional level with a view to improving good neighbourly relations among European States having different social and political systems” [2129 (XX)], which was unanimously adopted by the General Assembly in 1965 on the initiative of nine European countries, including Romania, and with the active co-operation of other countries from Europe and from the rest of the world. We believe that renewed efforts are now necessary by all European States to promote good neighbourly relations and co-operation, as recommended by that General Assembly resolution. 73. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and other governmental and non-governmental international bodies provide a wide range of opportunities which could be seized in an effort to bring about a relaxation of tension, understanding and co-operation in Europe. We believe that it is necessary to build upon what has been achieved so far and to create conditions making it possible to progress further along those lines, and in this connexion we would express our determination to encourage actions aimed at strengthening co-operation and improving the political climate in Europe. 74. Achievement of the paramount objective of all European States — the establishment of peace and security and the elimination of the danger of war once and for all — requires that we go beyond the stage of declarations of intent and that specific measures be adopted that are likely to strengthen confidence and closer relations among States. To that end it is essential, in our view, to root out any practices likely to engender.suspicion and animosity in relations among States. 75. Working resolutely and consistently for an atmosphere of peace and security in Europe, Romania fosters good-neighbourly relations, peaceful coexistence and wide co-operation with all European States and constructive action to augment co-operation throughout Europe. The results of numerous contacts and discussions which the representatives of the Romanian Government have had with the spokesmen of various European States have strengthened our belief that at the present time conditions are favourable to the achievement of some progress towards security in Europe. 76. In this connexion, a broad constructive programme is contained in the principles and proposals set forth by the member States of the Warsaw Treaty Organization in the declaration of Bucharest of 1966 and in the Budapest appeal this year concerning the organization of a conference of all European States. We believe that the convening of one or even several meetings of European States to discuss ways and means of solving outstanding issues, the extension of multilateral collaboration and co-operation and the achievement of security would be of exceptional significance, for the road would thus be opened for the establishment of lasting peace in Europe and throughout the world. We will support any positive action, any measure designed to bring about real progress towards détente and increased security in Europe. In this spirit we welcome the initiative taken by the Finnish Government to encourage efforts to organize a conference on European security. 77. My country considers that the attainment of European security must be based on the realities of the period following the Second World War, and in the first place on the recognition of the two German States and of existing frontiers, including the Oder-Neisse frontier. 78. A powerful factor retarding the favourable development of the situation in Europe is the division of the European continent into opposed military groupings, which are a source of mistrust and an obstacle to the development of European co-operation. Today, when an increasing number of forces are declaring their support for détente and co-operation among all States, the maintenance of military blocs, which perpetuate the methods and spirit of the “cold war” in international life, seems profoundly anachronistic. The present European structure, based on blocs and military force, leads to an intensification of the arms race, to a corresponding increase in the danger of war and, in the long run, to a greater degree of insecurity. in our view, the strengthening of European peace and security demands that firm steps be taken towards the simultaneous dissolution of the military blocs represented by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Treaty Organization — a proposal put forward on numerous occasions by the socialist States signatories of the Warsaw Treaty — and towards the establishment of a lasting European security system, which would make possible the peaceful and unhampered development of all nations. 79. Pending the adoption of such radical action as the dissolution of military blocs, we consider that the dismantling of foreign military bases in the territories of other States, the withdrawal of all non-European troops from the continent and, more generally, the repatriation of all foreign troops within their national frontiers would be of fundamental importance. Similarly, the conclusion of an agreement among all States which would cause them to abstain from any exercise or show of force would be of great importance for European and world peace and security. Such action would create a climate of confidence in which it would be possible to deal more effectively with the problems which determine world peace and security. 80. Increased demonstrations of support for European co-operation and security would be of real significance in achieving a climate of détente in Europe and throughout the world. In 1970, a quarter of a century after the end of the Second World War, action could, in our view, be taken, both at the governmental and the non-governmental level, to foster European peace, co-operation and security — action that could demonstrate emphatically the desire of the European peoples to live together in peace and to develop relations of good-neighbourliness, understanding, friendship and co-operation. 81. As Mr. Nicolae Ceausescu, the President of the State Council of Romania, stated recently: “The path towards the transformation of Europe into a continent of peaceful coexistence is made up of closer contacts, better mutual understanding and specific measures for strengthening collaboration and co- operation among States. “We are confident that the will for peace of the peoples of Europe — who have suffered so many trials — the spirit of political realism and human reason will prevail over all the trends in those circles which are opposed to a détente and that new progress will be made towards security, for the peace and well-being of all peoples living in this part of the world.” 82. We consider that the promotion of relations of understanding and the development of economic, technical and scientific co-operation among the Balkan States would constitute a valuable contribution to the cause of European security. Past experience bears witness to the fact that differences and disputes among the Balkan peoples have prejudiced their basic interests. 83. Romania, for its part, intends to continue to act with determination in its efforts to contribute to the removal of sources of mistrust and tension and to the improvement of the European political climate, with a view to offering to our continent the prospect of a peaceful and prosperous development in the interest of the consolidation of peace throughout the world. 84. The strengthening of international peace and security is intimately bound up with the achievement of genuine progress towards general disarmament, particularly nuclear disarmament. 85. We cannot but note with grave anxiety that, during the past 10 years alone, world military expenditure has doubled. Armaments entail a diversion of the wealth of nations from its normal purpose, a significant portion of such wealth being directed towards the development and perfecting of means of destruction. Not only does this mean an unprecedented waste of material resources but also, and above all, a loss to mankind of creative human potential, for the energies and ingenuity of numerous highly-skilled experts and specialists are being devoted to the discovery and creation of new instruments of death. 86. Investments in thermonuclear, chemical and bacteriological (or biological) weapons of mass destruction have reached immense proportions, and the stockpiling of these weapons in military arsenals represents a permanent danger for all mankind. Prohibition of the use of such weapons and liquidation of existing stockpiles are the categorical imperative of general security. That is why the Socialist Republic of Romania, together with other socialist countries, has asked for the inclusion on the agenda of the current session of an item entitled: “Conclusion of a convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons and on the destruction of such weapons” [A/7655]. 87. In our view, one of the ways of decreasing the danger of the use of nuclear weapons would be to establish de-nuclearized zones in different parts of the world, that measure being accompanied by adequate safeguards on the part of the nuclear Powers. In this respect, the international community has already had the benefit of the positive experience of the Latin-American countries, whose collective thinking is embodied in the Treaty of Tlatelolco. 88. We consider that the interests of peace require the Governments of all States resolutely to enter upon the road to general disarmament, halt the arms race, lower the level of military expenditure, freeze the quantitative and qualitative levels of their basic weapons and take practical steps towards the reduction and liquidation of their stockpiles in a systematic and continuous process established through negotiations, which should become the focus of political and diplomatic efforts during the next decade. 89. With a view to achieving genuine progress towards disarmament, we consider that particular importance should be attached to drawing up a coherent programme of disarmament negotiations which could ensure the continuity, consistency and successful outcome of efforts for the strengthening of peace and the progress of all nations. In this connexion, the Romanian delegation welcomes and supports the suggestion made in the introduction to the annual report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization [A/7601/Add.1, para. 42] that the period 1970-1980 should be designated as a Disarmament Decade, in parallel with the Second United Nations Development Decade. We consider that such a Decade, which Romania supported at the first session of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament held this year at Geneva, would make it possible to merge the efforts of the international community in two sectors of vital importance for promoting the progress of peoples and for safeguarding peace in general. 90. In our view, the objectives of the Disarmament Decade should be based on the resolutions on disarmament adopted in recent years by the General Assembly, on the recommendations of the Conference of Non-Nuclear-Weapon States and on the provisions of article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons [resolution 2373 (XXII)]. The objectives should also take into account the documents, proposals and suggestions submitted by various States both in the Geneva Committee and in the United Nations. 91. The adoption of a programme of disarmament negotiations and disarmament measures providing for immediate and long-term action - a programme which has been supported by many States — could open up wide prospects for disarmament negotiations and make it possible to establish a suitable order of priorities and precise target dates for the application of the various measures. This would bring us closer to the major objective of general disarmament and, above all, nuclear disarmament. 92. Efforts devoted to international peace and security cannot be separated from the promotion of, and respect for, human rights and fundamental freedoms. To translate these human rights into reality means the creation of acceptable conditions of life, freeing man from exploitation and social inequality and eliminating all discrimination based on differences of race, creed or colour. The necessary premise for securing these conditions is respect for the personality of all peoples and for their right freely to decide their own future in the framework of relationships established in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. 93. International law formulates the principles on which peace and security must be built. Because it encourages political action and prohibits the use of force or the threat of recourse to force, international law provides for those who seek it a powerful instrument for promoting peace and progress which, if used wisely and perseveringly, is capable of bringing all efforts for the settlement of disputes to a successful conclusion. 94. On the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the United Nations, a tribute of high significance that could be paid to the Organization would, in the Romanian delegation’s view, be a reaffirmation and strengthening of confidence in the principles of the Charter as being the very basis of international relations. The Romanian Government has submitted to the Preparatory Committee for the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the United Nations a proposal that possible action to this end should include the formal adoption, in the presence of heads of State or Government, of a declaration on principles of international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter [see 4/7690, p. 63]. 95. By expressing universal recognition of the fundamental principles of international law, developed in the light of contemporary realities, such a declaration would contribute to effective observance of the principles on which relations among States should be based, to a strengthening of the rule of law and security throughout the world and to the promotion of friendly relations and fruitful co-operation among States. 96. As in previous years, numerous important items appear on the agenda of the present session. Many of them have a long history in the Organization; others have only recently come up as a result of developments in world affairs. Over and above this complex set of problems, however, the discussions at the present session — as is natural, particularly on the eve of the celebration of a quarter of a century of the life of the United Nations — show the concern of States to increase the effectiveness of the Organization’s role in removing hotbeds of tension and in turning to good account the huge potential of forces — now in our view predominant — which are declaring their support for the application of the principles of the Charter and for world peace and understanding. 97. We hope that the numerous projects, proposals and suggestions which have been submitted here will serve that end. It seems to us essential, in this respect, to pursue a genuine dialogue, with full participation and with strict respect for the principles of the Charter. This means in the first place a patient and persistent examination of problems in a spirit of understanding of the position and arguments of all concerned, with a view to finding solutions which respect the legitimate interests of all nations. 98. It is in this spirit that the Romanian delegation, in discharging the mandate of its Government, expresses its determination to support fully and to take an active part in efforts undertaken here, so that this session may contribute to strengthening the United Nations, increasing co-operation among States, ensuring respect for the principles of international law and furthering the world-wide struggle for peace, security and understanding among peoples.